I wish you all a blessed 2011. Go in with confidence that everything to happen, as it is right and good. All the best for you.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Monday, December 27, 2010
Barwick Clocks Howard Miller 4878
The court battle between Jean and Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges 29 December 1386
After the fight was hanged, the body of Jacques Le Gris in Montfaucon. Jean de Carrouges survived his injury and increased in the following years at the French court a 'chevalier d'honneur' on. He died in September 1396 at Nicopol in the crusade against the Turkish Sultan Bayezid I.
Jean Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges and contested the last ordeal, which was the French king and Parliament recognized as the Supreme Court to find the truth. Chroniclers and historians of all ages remain to this day disagree on the question of guilt of the Jacques Le Gris.
another chapter to the story producer Martin Scorsese might add, for he has rumored to be shown interest in the material. Cast as are Matt Damon (Jean de Carrouges) and Leonardo DiCaprio (Jacques Le Gris) talking. 
This week marks the 624th Times the legal battle between Jean Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges and, on 29 December 1386 at the monastery of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Paris was held. The dramatic duel and its background caused a big stir in France and across Europe. Many chroniclers and historians take up the issue in the following years and centuries in their works. Sun Froissart mentions the process, just as Jean Juvenal des Ursins and Jehan de Waurin, the Chronique de Saint-Denys du Religieux, Diderot and d'Alemebert, Voltaire and on a number of historians of the 19th Century. In the recent past, the English professor Eric Jager to the case on the basis of case files and other original documents and reconstructs its Research in the book "On my honor, and death. A chivalrous duel for a woman's life "(eng.: The Last Duel) collected.
The following is a description of those events as they present us the above mentioned chronicles and history books. They are not always consistent.
Jean Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges accused his wife of having raped Margeruite de Carrouges. Jacques Le Gris denied the allegations. Explosive allegations were particularly because the relationship had changed from Carrouges and Le Gris in previous years of good acquaintance, to competition and hostility. The case went up before the highest court in France, the Parliament in Paris. There, it was decided after a lengthy process to have resolve the dispute between the two courts in a battle, because otherwise seemed not a possible truth.
Now the preparations for the duel with the choice of venue and date. The place of the duel between Carrouges and Le Gris, the monastery of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Paris was determined. Saint-Martin-des-Champs had a battle field, because it was one of those official sites in France, where legal battles could be fought. The battlefield was "24 paces wide and 96 feet long (about 18 x 72 meters). Especially for this duel had structural alterations on Space will be made: two fences around the battlefield, one of them more than 2 feet high, were built, also stands on the battlefield two platforms with throne-like chairs and a pavilion on each side for storage.
The date of the duel was the 29th Determined in December 1386. Many people and also the king were present that day in Saint-Martin-des-Champs. The last episode of the process had begun. The battle was imminent. At noon of the first "Appelant" Carrouges and his entourage, then Carrouges woman and the last of the "Défendeur Le Gris, also with entourage appeared. Both combatants ever led a battle horse, a Spear, two swords, a hatchet, a dagger, a shield, a small leather bag of wine, wrapped in a blanket of bread (to provide themselves during the fight) and a bag of SiIlbermünzen (to pay for the use of the battlefield) with it. Once on the battlefield, both reiterated to her concerns and allegations, investigate left their weapons for illegal means and enchantments, heard the heralds of the rules for the spectators and the fighters proclaimed and sworn last updated on an altar, which carried it to the battlefield was three oaths on the their cause is righteous before God.
This was the final preparations for battle made. Now both fighters were waiting for the beginning of the struggle in which there would be only one rule: should be fought until one gave up the two combatants or dead and thus beyond doubt the guilt was certain.
The herald cried three times: "Faites vos devoirs" (Do your duty), then a white glove flung through the air and shouted: "Laissez les-all" (Let it go). The battle had begun. Carrouges and Le Gris rode three times against each other, then broke their lances. Both changed the battle from the saddle and trying to shock the armor of the enemy to penetrate or "the enemy off balance and get out of the saddle to To consider giving each other caught on the bent part of the ax. " "Several times they parted, to rest and take breath, and then they took their futile struggle again." During the Axefighting lost their lives both horses, both combatants and their axes. On the ground they fought with swords and attacked more now "full of rage and courage" with "cutting, pushing and hitting." Le Gris discovered a nakedness to Carrouges and gave him the sword in the thigh, but quickly pulled it back out and then backed away. "The wound might have been fatal if his enemy had left the blade in the wound. But [he; Author's note] pulled out his sword immediately. " Maybe he will now wait until the blood loss Carrouges weakened and made an easy target. Carrouges but "summoned all his strength, his courage and went up to his enemy." "His left hand grabbed Carrouges Le Gris at the top of his helmet, drew the enemy toward him, suddenly stepped back several steps and threw his opponent to the ground where he lay stretched out and could not get up because of the weight of his armor." Carrouges, standing over him, "struggled to find a gap or a crack in the armor of his enemy, but the squire was wrapped from head to foot in steel." Carrouges went into the ground fighting, fixed Le Gris, as he knelt on him and broke up after a long and tough battle, the castle of Le Gries visor helmet. Carrouges drew his dagger and shouted at him to confess. Le Gris shouted back: "In the name of God and the danger of damnation of my soul back, I am not guilty of this crime." With the words "was then condemned" Carrouges killed with the dagger his opponent. Then, after a moment of pause, he went to the royal stand, bowed before it, and cried then turned to the quantity: (Did I fulfill my duty)? "Ai-je fait mon devoir" And the crowd responds: "Oui ! Oui! ". This image on the preparations and the end of the duel is given by the research of Eric Jager.
In contrast, the chronicler Froissart the course of the battle described in his Chronicles (Book III, Chapter 46) as follows:
The following is a description of those events as they present us the above mentioned chronicles and history books. They are not always consistent.
Jean Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges accused his wife of having raped Margeruite de Carrouges. Jacques Le Gris denied the allegations. Explosive allegations were particularly because the relationship had changed from Carrouges and Le Gris in previous years of good acquaintance, to competition and hostility. The case went up before the highest court in France, the Parliament in Paris. There, it was decided after a lengthy process to have resolve the dispute between the two courts in a battle, because otherwise seemed not a possible truth.
Now the preparations for the duel with the choice of venue and date. The place of the duel between Carrouges and Le Gris, the monastery of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Paris was determined. Saint-Martin-des-Champs had a battle field, because it was one of those official sites in France, where legal battles could be fought. The battlefield was "24 paces wide and 96 feet long (about 18 x 72 meters). Especially for this duel had structural alterations on Space will be made: two fences around the battlefield, one of them more than 2 feet high, were built, also stands on the battlefield two platforms with throne-like chairs and a pavilion on each side for storage.
The date of the duel was the 29th Determined in December 1386. Many people and also the king were present that day in Saint-Martin-des-Champs. The last episode of the process had begun. The battle was imminent. At noon of the first "Appelant" Carrouges and his entourage, then Carrouges woman and the last of the "Défendeur Le Gris, also with entourage appeared. Both combatants ever led a battle horse, a Spear, two swords, a hatchet, a dagger, a shield, a small leather bag of wine, wrapped in a blanket of bread (to provide themselves during the fight) and a bag of SiIlbermünzen (to pay for the use of the battlefield) with it. Once on the battlefield, both reiterated to her concerns and allegations, investigate left their weapons for illegal means and enchantments, heard the heralds of the rules for the spectators and the fighters proclaimed and sworn last updated on an altar, which carried it to the battlefield was three oaths on the their cause is righteous before God.
This was the final preparations for battle made. Now both fighters were waiting for the beginning of the struggle in which there would be only one rule: should be fought until one gave up the two combatants or dead and thus beyond doubt the guilt was certain.
The herald cried three times: "Faites vos devoirs" (Do your duty), then a white glove flung through the air and shouted: "Laissez les-all" (Let it go). The battle had begun. Carrouges and Le Gris rode three times against each other, then broke their lances. Both changed the battle from the saddle and trying to shock the armor of the enemy to penetrate or "the enemy off balance and get out of the saddle to To consider giving each other caught on the bent part of the ax. " "Several times they parted, to rest and take breath, and then they took their futile struggle again." During the Axefighting lost their lives both horses, both combatants and their axes. On the ground they fought with swords and attacked more now "full of rage and courage" with "cutting, pushing and hitting." Le Gris discovered a nakedness to Carrouges and gave him the sword in the thigh, but quickly pulled it back out and then backed away. "The wound might have been fatal if his enemy had left the blade in the wound. But [he; Author's note] pulled out his sword immediately. " Maybe he will now wait until the blood loss Carrouges weakened and made an easy target. Carrouges but "summoned all his strength, his courage and went up to his enemy." "His left hand grabbed Carrouges Le Gris at the top of his helmet, drew the enemy toward him, suddenly stepped back several steps and threw his opponent to the ground where he lay stretched out and could not get up because of the weight of his armor." Carrouges, standing over him, "struggled to find a gap or a crack in the armor of his enemy, but the squire was wrapped from head to foot in steel." Carrouges went into the ground fighting, fixed Le Gris, as he knelt on him and broke up after a long and tough battle, the castle of Le Gries visor helmet. Carrouges drew his dagger and shouted at him to confess. Le Gris shouted back: "In the name of God and the danger of damnation of my soul back, I am not guilty of this crime." With the words "was then condemned" Carrouges killed with the dagger his opponent. Then, after a moment of pause, he went to the royal stand, bowed before it, and cried then turned to the quantity: (Did I fulfill my duty)? "Ai-je fait mon devoir" And the crowd responds: "Oui ! Oui! ". This image on the preparations and the end of the duel is given by the research of Eric Jager.
In contrast, the chronicler Froissart the course of the battle described in his Chronicles (Book III, Chapter 46) as follows:
"The two combatants rushed forward and were compared with established, as they mounted their horses, they gave a magnificent picture, because they were both experienced fighters. In their first course they did not hurt each other. After both were tilted, they dismounted and prepared themselves to continuing the fight. They fought with courage, but Sir John de Carogne was the first attack on the injured leg and his friends were worried about him, regardless of he fought on so desperate that he crushed his opponent and his sword through his body stabbed, which led to his immediate death;. when he asked the audience, above, he had fulfilled his duty, they replied that he had done this "
refers
Also in the Chronique de Saint-Denys Religieux you a description of the fight, which is different again in the details of the other descriptions:
."Both men entered the arena, ready for the uncertain court fight. And when the marshal gave the signal to attack, they drove their horses forward, drop left their war lances, and presses ahead with courage and with Another soul going on. In this first attempt the other man's thigh Jean broke through with his lance, and this shock would have given him the advantage when he left the spear in the wound. But as he immediately pulled out, it was covered with blood, but instead of being overwhelmed by this vision, making this the injured man daring. However paralyzed afraid the audience for a long time, and no one spoke or breathed, all were between hope and fear torn until Jean found his strength and rushing forward cried: "This day will decide our dispute." With his left hand he took the helm of his opponent at the top End drew him towards her, then pulled him back a bit, threw him to the ground, where he lay still, weighed down by his armor. Then Jean took his sword and killed his opponent with great difficulty, for he was fully prepared. Although the victor to the vanquished, while this was on the ground, many times called upon to tell the truth, the loser said no each time they wish, but in the end he was sentenced according to the custom of the fight, to be hanged on a gallows "
After the fight was hanged, the body of Jacques Le Gris in Montfaucon. Jean de Carrouges survived his injury and increased in the following years at the French court a 'chevalier d'honneur' on. He died in September 1396 at Nicopol in the crusade against the Turkish Sultan Bayezid I.
Jean Jacques Le Gris de Carrouges and contested the last ordeal, which was the French king and Parliament recognized as the Supreme Court to find the truth. Chroniclers and historians of all ages remain to this day disagree on the question of guilt of the Jacques Le Gris.
another chapter to the story producer Martin Scorsese might add, for he has rumored to be shown interest in the material. Cast as are Matt Damon (Jean de Carrouges) and Leonardo DiCaprio (Jacques Le Gris) talking.
Sunday, December 26, 2010
Sample Donation Request Letter School Athletics
Christmas
Today on Boxing Day, I come here to celebrate with you.
I have this old Christmas song by Paul Gerhardt (1653) have brought for you.
would probably be the past, I can gain very little.
Today it is different.
I sing this song for you in the hope that someday maybe everyone likes to sing it.
As a dialogue between the soul and the spirit or
between the astral body and the ICH or
between Sophia and the Christ or
between the wisdom and love or self
between mind and spirit of life or
between Manas and Buddhi or
between female and male principle or
between the sister and brother or
between the child and his parents ...
and at the end then also between the mother and the child.
The thing in and through us and be born, and between us and wants to come into the world.
first I stand here by your Nativity, O Christ
you my life;
I come, bring and give to you,
What you have given me.
Take it, it's my spirit and mind,
heart, soul and courage to take everything out
And let's be pleasing to you.
should be in the crib!
for children great noble Lord
Are golden cradle.
Oh hay and straw is too bad,
velvet, silk, purple would be right to place this child
it! 
Today on Boxing Day, I come here to celebrate with you.
I have this old Christmas song by Paul Gerhardt (1653) have brought for you.
would probably be the past, I can gain very little.
Today it is different.
I sing this song for you in the hope that someday maybe everyone likes to sing it.
As a dialogue between the soul and the spirit or
between the astral body and the ICH or
between Sophia and the Christ or
between the wisdom and love or self
between mind and spirit of life or
between Manas and Buddhi or
between female and male principle or
between the sister and brother or
between the child and his parents ...
and at the end then also between the mother and the child.
The thing in and through us and be born, and between us and wants to come into the world.
first I stand here by your Nativity, O Christ
you my life;
I come, bring and give to you,
What you have given me.
Take it, it's my spirit and mind,
heart, soul and courage to take everything out
And let's be pleasing to you.
second As I still was not born,
So there you have borne me
And you own me at all,
Before I knew you ', elected. Before I
be made by your hand,
There you have already awarded with you,
wanted as you think.
third I was in deepest night of death,
You were my sun,
The sun that I spent
light, life, joy and bliss.
O sun, which values the light of faith in
beset me, (better today: How beautiful are searching Des ...,)
me in your rays.
4th I see you with joy
And can not see my fill;
And because I can now no more, (now ... now I do not ...) Stay
I want adoration.
O that my mind is an abyss would
And my soul a vast sea,
that I would catch you!
5.Wann many times my heart cries in grief
And find no comfort can
If you call me. "I am your friend, your sins
A damper
What you mourn, O my brother (listed in the input context? rather, what do you mourn, O my sister)
since you should be good things, I atone
your debts.
should be in the crib!
for children great noble Lord
Are golden cradle.
Oh hay and straw is too bad,
velvet, silk, purple would be right to place this child
it!
7.Nehm away the straw, take away the hay!
I will pick flowers,
That is my Saviour bearing on
lovely violas;
with roses, carnations, rosemary
From beautiful gardens I want to sprinkle it
from above.
8th You do not ask about the world through lust
Even after the body of joy;
you have set up with us,
suffer at our shop,
seek my soul glory
own self through your grief;
I will not defend you.
9th But one thing I hope you will me
My Saviour not refuse:
That I may take up to and
in my heart. So leave me but
be your manger;
Come, come, and lay with me a
you and all your joys! There
The melody here to sing: each http://www.lieder-archiv.de/lieder/show_song.php?ix=200062
And here in a nice piano version with prelude, interlude and postlude:
Christmas song by Johann Sebastian Bach in a wonderful Editing by Christine Kandert. The text is by Paul Gerhardt.
PS:
About Crime and Punishment in verse 5 would reflect further and talk. But now, not here.
And also to the 6th and 7 Verse I present myself.
First, because I find the "golden" points on the good things of the Spirit.
Second, because at least for me to live the unity of consciousness currently includes more and more the offering or the celebration of the God-consciousness, in whatever form, in which "... and because I can now not further ..." .
And third, because in the picture that the Christmas cake stands for the bread of life ... sprinkled with sugar or powdered (offered flowers or candy) to the (previously only for Christmas and Advent not already) to have any share. :-)
Merry Christmas to all of us.
PS:
About Crime and Punishment in verse 5 would reflect further and talk. But now, not here.
And also to the 6th and 7 Verse I present myself.
First, because I find the "golden" points on the good things of the Spirit.
Second, because at least for me to live the unity of consciousness currently includes more and more the offering or the celebration of the God-consciousness, in whatever form, in which "... and because I can now not further ..." .
And third, because in the picture that the Christmas cake stands for the bread of life ... sprinkled with sugar or powdered (offered flowers or candy) to the (previously only for Christmas and Advent not already) to have any share. :-)
Merry Christmas to all of us.
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Does Anyone Wear An Nylon Overall For Housework
The "Assault at Arms" in England in the 19th Century
The term "Assault at (or 'of') Arms" means, in Anglo-American language area fencers in a competition in various disciplines in public. Events of this type is particularly enjoyed in England of the 19th Century a great popularity. Tony Wolf, the author has shown in 2001 in an article in the history of these events. He worked on it intensively with the English of the press on this subject published news articles and illustrations.
The "Assault at Arms" grew out of drill exercises and competitions of the British Army. Founded in the 1860s, British Army Physical Training Corps forced structural changes to the military. The new education and training plans provided strengthened, physical exercises and standardized training drills for the troops. The Corps soon took over the popular especially in the colonial troops competitions (including gymkhana) and completed the race spectrum to other disciplines. The resulting sporting, tactical and drill-fencer's matches with the troops enjoyed a growing popularity. The number of held Assault at Arms "was growing from year to year.
at events such as in 1878, held at the Albert Hall "Assault at Arms" or the defiant Startschwieirgkeiten from 1880 every year held "Islington Tournament" was the contestants prove their skills and fight for glory and honor
The competition disciplines of the tournaments were varied Contestants are needed to include in the following competitions:.. the "Turks head" with a sword strike, the ring-off, the single stick fencing, lance vs. lance, lance vs. bayonet, sword vs. sword (mounted), sword vs.. Lance (mounted), sword vs.. bayonet, sword vs. saber, saber vs.. Bayonet Foil vs. foil, epee competition, vs. bayonet. Bayonet, bayonet-team competition and jumping.
arranged for the evening program, the organizers the large "Assault at Arms" spectacular programs. It was demonstrated cavalry tactics, military bands played on and artillery maneuvers were held as an obstacle race. Also present specially built premises were reconstructed scenes of famous historical battles and skirmishes of the British Army.
addition to the military and civilian groups organized tournaments organized their own "Assault at Arms", such as amateur sports clubs and universities.
Some of the "Assault at Arms", both military and civilian, were well into the 20th Century held inside.
The "Assault at Arms" grew out of drill exercises and competitions of the British Army. Founded in the 1860s, British Army Physical Training Corps forced structural changes to the military. The new education and training plans provided strengthened, physical exercises and standardized training drills for the troops. The Corps soon took over the popular especially in the colonial troops competitions (including gymkhana) and completed the race spectrum to other disciplines. The resulting sporting, tactical and drill-fencer's matches with the troops enjoyed a growing popularity. The number of held Assault at Arms "was growing from year to year.
at events such as in 1878, held at the Albert Hall "Assault at Arms" or the defiant Startschwieirgkeiten from 1880 every year held "Islington Tournament" was the contestants prove their skills and fight for glory and honor
The competition disciplines of the tournaments were varied Contestants are needed to include in the following competitions:.. the "Turks head" with a sword strike, the ring-off, the single stick fencing, lance vs. lance, lance vs. bayonet, sword vs. sword (mounted), sword vs.. Lance (mounted), sword vs.. bayonet, sword vs. saber, saber vs.. Bayonet Foil vs. foil, epee competition, vs. bayonet. Bayonet, bayonet-team competition and jumping.
arranged for the evening program, the organizers the large "Assault at Arms" spectacular programs. It was demonstrated cavalry tactics, military bands played on and artillery maneuvers were held as an obstacle race. Also present specially built premises were reconstructed scenes of famous historical battles and skirmishes of the British Army.
addition to the military and civilian groups organized tournaments organized their own "Assault at Arms", such as amateur sports clubs and universities.
Some of the "Assault at Arms", both military and civilian, were well into the 20th Century held inside.
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Moster Energy Backpacks
Paulus Kal - a fencing master of the 15th Century
His life is relatively well documented. With the information that we can see from his manuscripts, and the search for Rainer wave ("and knew that all wrestling cometh höbischeit of deme", 1993) to the survival data of Paul Kal from account books and old documents created an exciting, although of course incomplete biography, an insight into the life and mission of the 15th world of a fencing master Century there.
His teacher was fencing champion Stettner, who, like Kal, in the tradition John Auer's light is to be located. Stettner those masters of the manuscript itself is unfortunately not survived taught Paulus Kal the pieces of the Bloss-chivalrous and Harnischfechtens with the various militias.
His first job was Paul Kal on 29/09/1450 at Bavarian Duke Ludwig IX. the Rich (1417-1479), and then remained almost 20 years in his service. As her designated Schirmmeister he provided from the date of his appointment to his duties at the court of the wealthy Duke of Landshut. The fencer and several education and training of the students entrusted to him certainly was his main field of activity. But teaching was not his only activity. He often acted in legal and military issues for his master as a guide and servant.
He proved himself in war against his master 1459-1463 Margrave Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg, who has gone into the war as Bavarian Geschichstbücher. Both Albrecht Achilles and Ludwig the Rich in the late 1450s were trying years to expand its sphere of influence in the kingdom. Here, their spheres of interest inevitably pushed together. Albrecht cherished desires for the re-establishment of the Duchy of Franconia and Ludwig had stretched to the inclusion of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt in their own territory his hand after a new goal of the Free City Donauwörth. The conquest of Donauwörth 1459 by Louis the rich were finally triggered the war. Ludwig has been demonstrated for this act by the emperor to the imperial ban, and Margrave Albrecht Achilles should enforce the Empire. Princes of the south and central Germany were partisans of either side. The war ended in 1463 with a comparison between the rich and Ludwig Albrecht Achilles. In this conflict, for his master Paulus Kal moved into the field. According to entries in account books he was the leader of a unit of riflemen. In the four years of conflict he was involved with high probability actively in hostilities.
Two years after the conclusion of peace, on 02/02/1465, received Paulus Kal of his master Louis the Office of the Mauthe of Dingolfing, he accompanied the subsequent nine years. This office was provided with the small customs law and guaranteed him this additional income.
In 1468, his master ordered him again to the field. This time it was against the federal government Böckler. The Böckler Confederation was a group of noble families of the Bavarian Forest, which sought to protect himself by an alliance against the Hussites of Bohemia. They also gained a degree of independence, which displeased the Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich. He aimed at the destruction of the Federation. Finally, the federal government to operate Böckler Albrecht IV became the Emperor in 1467 resolved, which accepted the members of the Federal reluctantly. investigated as members of the dissolved Böckler covenant in their reluctance to support Bohemian nobility, came in November 1468 to the outbreak of war. Supported by the troops of his brother Louis IX. Albrecht IV took a one-year campaign in succession all of the remaining strongholds Böckler. In that feud took Paulus Kal Degenberg'sche the castle Säldenburg. This time he explained how the account books show that not only riflemen with him but also carpenters. This may have been used in sieges for the design of appropriate equipment.
In 1479 Louis IX died. The service contract of employment of Paul Kal at Landshut court went out. But on 02/12/1480 he found new employment. He was Schirmmeister by Archduke Sigismund of Austria, called the Rich (1427 - 1496), which he put his skills as an armorer for life in service. Paulus Kal was in his contract in addition to the agreed salary, a disability insurance undertaken. In the case of an injury or Vestümmelung in the exercise of its activities in peace or war would be his master Paulus Kal Sigismund thus been adequately compensated. In
service of his Lord was Sigismund of Austria Paulus Kal then probably until his death.
Paulus Kal and his master Louis the Rich, BSB Cgm 1507, 4r;
in the banner to read: "Gene Diger Sir, I vow to you the service
my God and be loved a sullen muter be our helper"
in the banner to read: "Gene Diger Sir, I vow to you the service
my God and be loved a sullen muter be our helper"
Paulus Kal was a fencing master, who in the second half of the 15th Century lived. He left several fencing manuscripts, including CGM 1507 (Munich) , in which he explained his extensive teaching fencing. Pen drawn characters illustrate with it plots for Roßfechten, fencing armor, axes, shield and piston, sword and buckler, long sword, knife, dagger and wrestling.
His life is relatively well documented. With the information that we can see from his manuscripts, and the search for Rainer wave ("and knew that all wrestling cometh höbischeit of deme", 1993) to the survival data of Paul Kal from account books and old documents created an exciting, although of course incomplete biography, an insight into the life and mission of the 15th world of a fencing master Century there.
His teacher was fencing champion Stettner, who, like Kal, in the tradition John Auer's light is to be located. Stettner those masters of the manuscript itself is unfortunately not survived taught Paulus Kal the pieces of the Bloss-chivalrous and Harnischfechtens with the various militias.
His first job was Paul Kal on 29/09/1450 at Bavarian Duke Ludwig IX. the Rich (1417-1479), and then remained almost 20 years in his service. As her designated Schirmmeister he provided from the date of his appointment to his duties at the court of the wealthy Duke of Landshut. The fencer and several education and training of the students entrusted to him certainly was his main field of activity. But teaching was not his only activity. He often acted in legal and military issues for his master as a guide and servant.
He proved himself in war against his master 1459-1463 Margrave Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg, who has gone into the war as Bavarian Geschichstbücher. Both Albrecht Achilles and Ludwig the Rich in the late 1450s were trying years to expand its sphere of influence in the kingdom. Here, their spheres of interest inevitably pushed together. Albrecht cherished desires for the re-establishment of the Duchy of Franconia and Ludwig had stretched to the inclusion of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt in their own territory his hand after a new goal of the Free City Donauwörth. The conquest of Donauwörth 1459 by Louis the rich were finally triggered the war. Ludwig has been demonstrated for this act by the emperor to the imperial ban, and Margrave Albrecht Achilles should enforce the Empire. Princes of the south and central Germany were partisans of either side. The war ended in 1463 with a comparison between the rich and Ludwig Albrecht Achilles. In this conflict, for his master Paulus Kal moved into the field. According to entries in account books he was the leader of a unit of riflemen. In the four years of conflict he was involved with high probability actively in hostilities.
Two years after the conclusion of peace, on 02/02/1465, received Paulus Kal of his master Louis the Office of the Mauthe of Dingolfing, he accompanied the subsequent nine years. This office was provided with the small customs law and guaranteed him this additional income.
In 1468, his master ordered him again to the field. This time it was against the federal government Böckler. The Böckler Confederation was a group of noble families of the Bavarian Forest, which sought to protect himself by an alliance against the Hussites of Bohemia. They also gained a degree of independence, which displeased the Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich. He aimed at the destruction of the Federation. Finally, the federal government to operate Böckler Albrecht IV became the Emperor in 1467 resolved, which accepted the members of the Federal reluctantly. investigated as members of the dissolved Böckler covenant in their reluctance to support Bohemian nobility, came in November 1468 to the outbreak of war. Supported by the troops of his brother Louis IX. Albrecht IV took a one-year campaign in succession all of the remaining strongholds Böckler. In that feud took Paulus Kal Degenberg'sche the castle Säldenburg. This time he explained how the account books show that not only riflemen with him but also carpenters. This may have been used in sieges for the design of appropriate equipment.
In 1479 Louis IX died. The service contract of employment of Paul Kal at Landshut court went out. But on 02/12/1480 he found new employment. He was Schirmmeister by Archduke Sigismund of Austria, called the Rich (1427 - 1496), which he put his skills as an armorer for life in service. Paulus Kal was in his contract in addition to the agreed salary, a disability insurance undertaken. In the case of an injury or Vestümmelung in the exercise of its activities in peace or war would be his master Paulus Kal Sigismund thus been adequately compensated. In
service of his Lord was Sigismund of Austria Paulus Kal then probably until his death.
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